The Evolution Of Music Throughout Ancient Egypt And...

Regardless of where they are located, almost all ancient civilizations share basic features. For example, most civilizations develop things such as a class system, a common religion, or a system of writing. Another mark of a successful civilization is the evolution of music. Since music is not essential to survival, its development is usually within a large established society. The purpose of music varies from civilization to civilization, era to era. In some cultures, music accompanied religious rituals, as one sees in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. In others, such as Ancient Greece, music was a part of education and entertainment. Music also played a very important role in keeping legends and records of history alive through oral tradition. The way it was produced ranged from monophonic vocalizations in its earliest history to complex instruments and systems later in time. Any way it was produced, the role music played was one of the most important in ancient societies. The earliest sign of music was discovered in architectural sites of Mesopotamia. Some of the main evidence that music was an important part of Ancient Mesopotamian society was writing about it found on ancient stone tablets. So far, ten tablets with writings concerning musical scales have been found in sites around Ur and other ancient cities such as Nippur. They contain information about the musical scales used in Ancient Mesopotamian music, revealing that there were seven different and interrelated scalesShow MoreRelatedCause of the Disappearance of the Indus Valley Civilization1675 Words   |  7 Pagesentity. These cross-cultural processes are exemplified in the transformations of the ancient civilizations of the Indus Valley from 2500 B.C.E. 1500 B.C.E. (accretion) and the Mediterranean from 1200 500 B.C.E. (syncretism). Cross-cultural interactivity among societies, through the processes of accretion and syncretism, has significantly influenced the creation and development of cultures and civilizations throughout human history. The transformation of the Indus Valley civilization The cross-culturalRead More History of Accounting Essay3089 Words   |  13 Pagesunderstanding, and developing of my foundation for my accounting career. In this report you will learn about the development of accounting. You will learn about the people who influenced accounting the most throughout the years. You will learn how accounting came about and how it was used in the ancient times. You will learn about the invention of the double-entry bookkeeping processes. You will learn how things were done before the birth of the double-entry bookkeeping process. You will learn aboutRead More The History of Art Essay4153 Words   |  17 Pagesappears to support his supposition in this regard. However, his student Aristotle felt that art was a reflection and invocation derived from the scientific forms of nature. Clearly, his ideology does not fit into the Ancient World’s artistic representations. As art evolves throughout history it intersects with Aristotle’s p hilosophy although not for many centuries will we begin to see his naturalistic/scientific theory evolve. Human beings are born, live, and held prisoners of their bodies. SinceRead MoreCulture of India9032 Words   |  37 Pagesone of eight designated classical dance forms of India. The culture of India refers to the religions, beliefs, customs, traditions, languages, ceremonies, arts, values and the way of life in India and its people. Indias languages, religions, dance, music, architecture, food, and customs differ from place to place within the country. Its culture often labeled as an amalgamation of these diverse sub-cultures is spread all over the Indian subcontinent and traditions that are several millennia old.[1]Read MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagestruth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejects the European values that have oppressed a society. But prior to the advent of popular culture and especially the music recording business in the late twentieth century, its apparatus of cultural formation was controlled fully by the elite who, to a large extent, ran the educational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the country was beginning to questionRead MoreJudy Chicago Dinner Party Essay6539 Words   |  27 Pagescommunion, of course, was also central to the early Christian agape, or love feast, often depicted in the paintings of the catacombs. Most ritual sacrifices comprehend, as does the Christian Eucharist, the dual theme of destruction and regeneration. The ancient cultures of Greece and Babylon, Ireland and India, Germany and Rome, all had ritual sacrifices whose proper enactment promised regeneration or salvation. The true worth of my Apostles and Disciples and their long toil for your redemption, says theRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesaccording to the author, are the basis of the talismanic art), theory of magic, astronomical, astrological and physical lore, extensive directions for the practice of the art, and accounts of the peoples by whom it is employed are jumbled together throughout the book, with no discernible guiding principle. If a systematic arrangement is anywhere perceptible, it is in the astrological and astronomical material, though even this is far from selfcontained or methodically ordered. Subjects which belong

Social Media and the Modern CV Linkedin Profile Development

Curriculum Vitae The author of this paper is asked to offer an updated curriculum vitae, inclusive of a few distinct factors and/or components. The components include a clear sign of LinkedIn profile development, career goal development using a S.M.A.R.T. format, two short term goals, two mid-term goals and two long-term goals. The report will end with a conclusion that summarizes everything. LinkedIn Profile Development The author of this report has developed a profile on the prolific career networking site LinkedIn. The author has fleshed out as many of the profile sections as the author can given the limited career experience that exists at this time. However, the profile lays the groundwork for an expansion in networking ability and skills once work experience starts and begins to accumulate (LinkedIn, 2013). The sections of the base LinkedIn profile are all worthy of use and the author of this report has taken advantage. These sections include experience, photos, projects completed, languages and so forth. There are even some less traditional sections that can be expounded upon such as publications, organizations, honors/awards, test scores, courses taken, patents, certifications and volunteering (LinkedIn, 2013). The author of this paper doesnt have much to fill some of those voids, such as experience and patents and stuff like that, but the author can certainly offer things like volunteering, courses completed and test scores. The author will soon be able to addShow MoreRelatedWgu E-Business Expansion Proposal Essay13960 Words   |  56 Pagesmarketing and operating online 4. Provide direction on the strategic use of search engines 5. Counsel on social-media integration 6. Discuss online customer-relationship management 7. Provide e-commerce solutions 8. Review international considerations, including market strategy, organizational, language, cultural, and infrastructure 9. Offer projected Web-development and maintenance costs 10. Create a Web-site index, inclusive of all the aforementioned objectives. 11Read MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesMining Data to Increase State Tax Revenues in California CASE STUDY II-5 The Cliptomaniaâ„ ¢ Web Store: An E-Tailing Start-up Survival Story CASE STUDY II-6 Rock Island Chocolate Company, Inc.: Building a Social Networking Strategy CASE STUDY III-1 Managing a Systems Development Project at Consumer and Industrial Products, Inc. CASE STUDY III-2 A Make-or-Buy Decision at Baxter Manufacturing Company CASE STUDY III-3 ERP Purchase Decision at Benton Manufacturing Company, IncRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesArea Community College Ankeny, IA John Wiley Sons, Inc. Associate Publisher Executive Editor Senior Editoral Assistant Marketing Manager Marketing Assistant Production Manager Senior Production Editor Freelance Development Editor Senior Designer Interior Design Senior Media Editor Senior Photo Editor Production Management Cover Design Cover Credit George Hoffman Lise Johnson Sarah Vernon Amy Scholz Laura Finley Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Susan McLaughlin Kevin Murphy Laura Ierardi Allison

“Of Mice and Men” Coursework Essay Example For Students

â€Å"Of Mice and Men† Coursework Essay Explore the sense of an ending in the novel and how central this is to the book. In â€Å"Of Mice and Men†, Steinbeck built up a sense of an ending which is applied throughout the entire novel. For this he linked several and different aspects and characters which follow the story and make it successful. In this novel, the sense of an ending is showed by a few techniques the author used through the whole book. Firstly, he makes the reader feel it is the end in the last chapter; he brings us back to the same place as in the first chapter in which the natural setting is similar : â€Å"Salinas River†, â€Å"deep pool†, â€Å"Gabilan mountains†, â€Å"among the sycamores†, it is like a cycle that finishes where it started. In the beginning of these both chapters, Steinbeck starts with a description of nature. But not only the setting is repeated. The content is as well resembling: Lennies thoughts and Lennie and Georges conversation mirror the opening: for example in both chapters they discuss about rabbits and about their dream ranch. However, these similarities actually emphasize the change that have been made with these persona through the story: in chapter one they had their great plan about the ranch and we feel they believed in it, and now in chapter six this plan seems to be left out. This feeling of an end comes as well when George tells the ritual story, the dream, a last time: â€Å"We gonna get a little place Well have a cow An well have maybe a pig an chickens †. Unlike in the middle of the book, the lack of details in his speech gives us the sense it is the last time George tells this; it shows he doesnt believe in it anymore. Furthermore, we can feel in the way he speaks that somethings wrong, he is very hesitating and he seems stressed and worried. This dream is very important to the novel because it is a narrative and narratives always have an ending. Secondly, some symbols reveal were close to the end. There is â€Å"Carlsons Luger† -which is actually the gun used to kill Candys dog- and which George took just before going to see Lennie. This gives us the feeling of a death coming, in other words, the feeling of an end coming. There is also the death of Candys dog because the author reflected Lennies death to it: both characters were seen as a nuisance, they were smelly and miserable. On the other side, their â€Å"master†s reaction are different and contradictory: for Candys dog shooting, someone else had to do it instead of Candy. And just after agreeing to kill his dog, Candy went and â€Å"stared at the ceiling†. And this suggests a need of thinking, of being alone. But for Lennies shooting, firstly George did it himself, and secondly he didnt want nor need to be alone, he actually went in and get a drink with Slim. So this gets the reader to ask himself questions as: â€Å"Is George really saddened by Lennies death?† Or â€Å"Does he regret it?† And finally there is the heron eating the water snake in the beginning of the last chapter: â€Å"A silent head and beak lanced down and plucked it out the head, and the beak swallowed the little snake while its tail waved frantica lly†. The death of this water snake is very short and fast. It prepares us to Lennies death, which will be same. Finally, there are the effects we feel throughout the book which prepare us as well to Lennies death. The emotional effects developed for the killing of the dog and the snake (which are pity and empathy) will be the same ones for Lennies killing. Of Mice And Men Essay SummaryThe impossibility of happiness in this novel is expressed by an essential technique used to survive: dreaming, which is a concept that follows George and Lennie throughout the book and which is linked to the sense of an ending of it because the impossibility of happiness is what puts an end to Lennies character (it is the reason why George killed him, as told in the previous paragraph). Candy also contributes to the sense of an ending because he is linked to the dream ranch George and Lennie are dreaming of. This character was, above all, alone and powerless: hes part of â€Å"the weak ones†, as Curleys wife says. It is shown by his physical description as well as his language: â€Å"stick-like wrist†, â€Å"stooped-shouldered†, â€Å"bristly white whiskers†, â€Å"shifted, â€Å"shuffled† (as Lennie), â€Å"the old swamper†. Our first impression of this character is that hes an old man, finishing his life in the barn, that hes a dominated character, behaving like Lennie, His physical description isnt comic at all, on the contrary it should makes us feel pity for him just as the author tries to. He is a victim of nature because of his age, hes handicapped because of his missing hand and because of it swamping is the only job he can do so we can almost say hes useless, and all these aspects suggest he represents injustice. But he also brings hope: he takes part of George and Lennies dream and tries everything to make it come true: â€Å"Oh George! I been figurin and figurin. I got it doped out how we can make some money on them rabbits†, â€Å"Spose I went in with you guys. Thas three hundred an fifty bucks Id put in. I aint much good, but I could cook and tend the chickens and hoe the garden some†. With this, we feel like he doesnt have anything to do with his life anymore and that he wants to put some action in it by actually trying to make this dream come true. Curleys wife is part of the ending of the novel: her death is the last event before Lennies death. Her own ending is felt by the audience from the beginning: shes the only woman in the barn, shes alone, and this clearly justifies why she died; she didnt belong there. So Steinbeck chose to create sympathy for this character. He does this by several ways. Firstly by placing her in a relationship where she is alone: shes victim of her husband, shes never with him and therefore looks for him (â€Å"Im looking for Curley†), shes the only woman in the barn (not in the book because there is also Aunt Clara) and she complains. Her physical image is a key symbol to her: â€Å"She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up; her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages. She wore a cotton house dress and red mules, on the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers†; she seems to want to be and to feel pretty, to put some femininity in the barn therefore to show shes a real woman and not to become like the men with which she lives everyday. So the sense of an ending in this novel is felt because of symbols, emotional effects, several techniques used by the author, different links between characters and aspects of the novel, and the use of narratives which proves us that every narrative has its beginning, and its end.

The Oppression of the Aboriginals in Canada free essay sample

Aboriginal people, the first nations amongst Canada, being outnumbered for years had been put under a situation in which hindered in the continuation of their identity alone. Although with the years in its withstanding, the importance of the events and all of the occurrences make a part of the strength and downfall to the native population. Through the hardships, it’s definitely evident that there were many aspects towards cultural differences, as well as social differences. In that sense, a strong conflict theory had definitely been present. Regardless of other factors, the conflict theory would best describe the situation with aboriginals as there was a big stretch of power differential and humanity amongst these people was definitely non-existent. Aboriginals fell under a lot of inequality and pressures of succeeding obstructed their ways of life. In the film â€Å"Education As We See It†, we were taken on a twenty minute ride that glimpsed over the experiences of aboriginal students. We will write a custom essay sample on The Oppression of the Aboriginals in Canada or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Real life people talked about fond memories or â€Å"scars† so-to-speak regarding aboriginal residential schools. Punishment was more than often quite severe and also more than often involved physical pain. [Bob, Geraldine and Gary Marcuse. (1993)] In these aboriginal residential schools, the most common punishment was something called the strap. However, what made the punishments worse was that they were physically abused and punished out in the open in front of everyone to see, including the children. So in that way, the aboriginal students suffered public humiliation on top of the physical pains. Often punishments were totally uncalled for, such as strapping a child for wetting the bed. Many consequences were terribly negative. The fact that children were being beat was mentioned in the documentary for simple little wrongdoings and they were treated as though they were animals. [Bob, Geraldine and Gary Marcuse. (1993)] A definite matter of fact was that a lot of children were abused in many ways at these residential schools. The punishment usually involved strapping and public humiliation. In one incident, one boy had gotten needles pushed through his tongue because he had gotten caught speaking his native language. [Bob, Geraldine and Gary Marcuse. The nuns and priests had no shame and they had verbally abused many of the children continuously. They were called animals on top of being treated like ones, and they were also told that their background and culture was evil and were made to believe that they were worthless. Cultural identity was a huge loss for these aboriginal children, as well as their native language, their traditions and spiritual growth development in which caused a lot of confusion and loss. The sole purpose in the creation of these aboriginal schools was primarily to demolish all of aboriginal culture and teach them Canadian/European values and beliefs. So in the competition for the limited resources fueled the conflict theory aspect of aboriginal residential schools. On a larger scale, students from more privileged backgrounds in the classrooms and out were more likely to continue on with higher education. This meant the cultural capital amongst aboriginal students provided lower economic and social success which â€Å"relinquished† possibilities for human (aboriginal) development and progress. [Ravelli, B. , Webber, M. (2010). (p. 313-314)] The aboriginal residential schools werent exactly the best place to live. Part of the reasoning was due to the great lack of funding, which much of it had to do with the way that the schools had been run. [McClinchey, B. (2012, October). Lecture Seven Education] Most former students will not forget one huge thing; hunger. The food at the residential schools were neither nutritious nor abundant. They were also usually not very appealing or appetizing. Students would actually lose weight while attending the school, as some of which would have been in their prime growth where they should be gaining weight. Bonding with loved ones became poorer and poorer as time went by. These aboriginal children were taken from their families and communities and that put a damper towards their inadequate communication skills and poor expression of feelings. Development of negative traits and abilities such as the inability to trust others, they often became indifferent towards loved ones as they were violated and a serious breach of trust occurred, which thus caused distrust in other authority figures. This affected them even to the point where that discipline didn’t help them much, as they started to make poor decisions and had behavioral difficulties. Difficulties of not knowing how one was to behave in particular situations which caused threats were also a growing factor. After being faced by extreme racism, hatred, abuse, and belittlement, the scars left amongst the Aboriginals will stick to them forever. In reality, residential schools with a positive intent, hit an obvious backfire and damaged the aboriginal population all together. It became a huge hindrance in terms of culture, and self, as well as stunting the growth of the aboriginals. This is what made it a conflict theory. As one proposes situations throughout the film, none other than residential schools being perceived as â€Å"instrumental† towards preparation for the future just becomes the setback in human progression and developmental selves. [Ravelli, B. , Webber, M. (2010). (p. 313-314)] As stated in the film, these situations contrast and go hand in hand with one another in a sense that with Canadian ruling, these Aboriginal residential schools are sought out to destroy their identity and culture.

donor essays

donor essays The book starts by telling about the problems occurring in the hospital where Michael works. Too many patients are dying of causes that would not normally kill them. When Michael watches a little girl's life slip away despite the best that modern medicine can deliver, he becomes depressed about his choice of careers. Across town, a popular and prominent Congressman dies - his skull shattered by a shotgun, but police investigators determine the death to be a suicide. Despite what they say, the Congressman's beautiful young daughter, Shannon Donnelly, stubbornly refuses to believe that her father took his own life. In a twist of events, Michael becomes the top contender for the dead Congressmans seat. Jonathan Waverly, a billionaire who wants to organize a group of national politicians to back his dream of a nationwide chain of medical research centers, feels that Michael is the perfect man for the political job. However, before Michael agrees to the job, he takes a tour of the Waverly Research Center, but he only sees one building. In the building, he sees various robots, machines, and great technological advances. He sees some of the most amazing things and hears some amazing ideas that Waverly has for the medical field. The most unique thing he sees is a mannequin. It was the most realistic one he had ever seen. In fact, he thinks that it is a real man. At first he thinks this is strange, but Waverly quickly explains that it was made for an amusement park ride and Michael thinks nothing of it again. The other building contains mental patients, and other experimental medical instr uments and techniques. After some bribing, and offers of a lifetime, Michael agrees to run for the Congressmans seat. After Shannon meets Michael as he is paying his condolences at her house, she is angered with him and vows to find who murdered her father. She begins to check her mothers house, which was where her fath...

A look into sectarian academic institutions selective student admission policy

A look into sectarian academic institutions selective student admission policy Hashtag: #TiwaLaSalle (â€Å"Trust in La Salle!† University) The Nature of Sectarian Schools About four years ago, several schoolchildren with lesbian parents were rejected by a Catholic school in Boston, Massachusetts. A Lutheran High School in California, on the other hand, expelled two students simply because they were members of the third sex. Sectarian schools are also famous for rejecting students with different religious belief, of different skin color or with a physical or mental disability, but gets away with it. How is that possible? Sectarian schools are private institutions, as they do not receive funding from federal government or directly administered by the state. For this reason, sectarian schools are self-governing entities with freedom to discriminate or reject a particular type admit a certain type of student. Therefore, those shouting #TiwaLaSalle are students who passed the discriminating standard of the university and deserving of education for the elite. Owners of sectarian schools are either Catholic or Protestant religious organizations aiming to propagate and advance their respective religious beliefs. A sectarian school, therefore, is only open to students with similar faith. Moreover, since government or people’s taxes do not fund private organizations, students in sectarian schools are normally sons and daughters of parents who can pay expensive tuition fees and support expenses associated with exclusive education. Get your portion of inspiration here: Why High School Years Are Often the Most Memorable in Later Life? What Are the Common Problems faced by Students in School? Relieving Students School-Related Stress High School Is a Must-Do? At School, I Have Been Bullied by a Teacher Discrimination in Schools of the Holy Most sectarian schools are named after a patron saint or religious figures (ex. Saint Anthony’s College, La Salle University, Saint Francis Xavier University) but their practices seem far from being divine. They continue to exist and operate under the law regardless of the fact that denying student’s admission on religious grounds result in racial exclusion and violation of children’s rights. Under the law, sectarian schools as private educational institutions can have different rules. For instance, a Roman Catholic nun and leader of a Catholic school in New Orleans openly admit that students and faculty have limited rights in a Catholic school. In fact, they are free to ignore freedom of speech and due process rights, hire and fire staff on religious grounds, employment regulations, and reject admission of anyone mainly because they are ministries funded by private donations. These practices according to school official are not religiously bias but simply a matter of choosing those who are members of the church. Moreover, since the school is part of the ministry, they need to model and protect Catholic values. This may be true as most textbooks according to the study of Christian schools are politically and religiously bias and often identical to materials produced by partisan organizations promoting conservative Christian ideas. Discriminatory practices of sectarian schools such as those promoting Catholic values, in particular, seem contradictory to Christian teaching. For instance, discrimination is never a Christian value. In fact, Jesus, through his ministry, emphasized the need to love one another, as God’s love for all is unconditional. Evidently, these include those we deemed unworthy or people with different belief, gender, and race. Sectarian schools should realize that independence from government funding and control does not necessarily mean freedom to discriminate and promote false religious values such as providing exclusive education for the elite.

International Marketing analysis and strategy of a given product Essay

International Marketing analysis and strategy of a given product - Essay Example The business will involve itself in heavy marketing in order to create a long-term market presence among the low income and middle income customers. Trudea Services was planned in 2005 to be a part-time business venture. It has been asmall business designed to meet the needs of its clients and their pet family members. The company is located in Kikuyu and plans to expand to other towns in response to increasing demand for solar energy appliances. The company understands the value of ourclients money and provides highly effective and efficient solar energy appliances. At Trudea Services, we accept nothing but the best from our suppliers and ourselves. Trudea Services was founded by Joseph Kamau and Anthony Kimunya. The two co-own the company and will oversee the day to day management of company operations. However, the company will hire additional members of staff when it expands its operations. The company plans to invest more than 350,000 shillings in the purchase and supply of low cost solar energy appliances to middle income and low income households in Kikuyu. This is a long term project that is expected to last for more than five years depending on the market performance. The company seeks to make expansions into other markets by establishing branches in those areas including Wangige and Westlands. This requires adequate financing because the project is to be operated in the long run. Therefore, the company aims at maximizing on profits and using the proceeds to expand its operations. The business also plans to source for short term loans from a financial institution. This is a partnership business owned and operated by four individuals. Each of the partners has equal rights in terms of ownership and decisions making. The partners are involved in the company’s daily decision making and decisions are reached subjected to the majority support of the partners. The company is concentrated in a single geographical

Modern finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Modern finance - Essay Example (Campbell, 2008). Apparently, the current crisis may be attributed to the subprime lending made by the different financial institutions. However, at the core of it is a whole plethora of different variables which are not only correlated with each other but also created a combined effect on different macroeconomic variables too. The failure of financial institutions to regularly check in their appetite for taking more risk not only resulted into the current credit crunch but also indicated the degree of the regulatory control over such institutions to discipline their behavior. Northern Rock is such a financial institution in UK which required intervention from the government because of its apparent failure to sustain the losses incurred due to subprime mortgage episode. In this research study, the current credit crunch will be discussed with special focus on Northern Rock as a firm requiring official intervention. The credit crunch started to emerge during 2007 when in US, especially financial institutions started to witness defaults on payments of subprime mortgages. Subprime borrowers are termed as those borrowers are who have relatively high risk due to their past credit history. Therefore, under normal banking rules and practices, lending to such borrowers are riskier as in comparison to other borrowers. It is because of this reason that such borrowers are categorized as subprime and are charged relatively higher rates on the lending made to them. Historically, banks were more conservative in their lending practices and avoided to lend to such borrowers who lacked the capability to repay. However, with the innovation in the financial markets corroborated by liberalization of financial markets allowed financial institutions to innovate and roll out products which carried relatively high risk. This phenomenon was further aggravated with the globalization of the financial markets

How Would you physicalise a charcter from a play Essay Example for Free

How Would you physicalise a charcter from a play Essay Too physicalise a character from a play you need to have studied the specific character in a reasonable amount of detail, so you can portray them correctly. To do this effectively you need to do various exercises, all which will help you grasp the character the best you can. There are several methods which can help you to understand a character eg: Hot Seating, Spider Diagrams, and Workshops etc. In our lesson we explored the character by Hot Seating, Character Profiles and other exercises. Hot seating is an extremely effective method, as it puts you on the spot answering various questions in your characters persona. It helps lock in the information about the character you’re playing. You need to understand the questions being asked from your characters point of view so you can understand who your character is and why. We used this method in our lesson, and i found it was an effective way of physicalising a character. Another exercise we did in class which was effective was one where we were told to hold a pose in the form of our character then walk around the room in the characters style. This is a great exercise because although Hot Seating, Profiles are good they focus mainly on the psychological side, where as this focused on the physical aspect of the character. Character Profiles I believe are an essential tool in bringing a character to life. Because it allows you to go deep in to the information about the character, their background, family life, nationality etc. These aspects are what form how a character behaves and why they feel certain things. For example Stanley in Street Car Desire, has a particular hatred for being called a ‘polak’ as his family originates from Poland and deems the phrase derogatory towards them. Spider Diagrams are effective in showing your characters relations with other characters in the play. These are essential to know as it may influence why the act a certain way around someone. How did you explore the use of Verbal and Non=Verbal.

Human Genome Project Essay -- Genetics Science Biology Essays

Human Genome Project Human curiosity is one of the most powerful engines that drive new knowledge, development, advancements and life improvements today. Some 100,000 or 200,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged, and up to today humans are still searching for answers such as what we are and where we came from. For all of the diversity of the world's more than five billion people, full of creativity and contradictions, every human mind and body is built and runs with fewer than 100,000 kinds of protein molecules. And for each of the proteins, a single corresponding gene is responsible to ensure an adequate and timely supply. Genes are often described as the biological blueprints or recipes for life and are found in the DNA, carrying the genetic information from one generation to the next. Many people are convinced that genes are special, that they contain a person's essence, which has enormous spiritual and commercial value. In the deepest sense, we are who we are because of our genes, and therefore it is essential to gain knowledge about the manifold mysteries of life, our genes, and our biological inheritance in full ultimate molecular detail. With advances in molecular genetics, it became possible to launch the Human Genome Project (HGP) - a sequencing project that determines the genetic makeup of an organism by reading off the sequence of the three billion DNA bases, which encode all of the information necessary for the life of the organism. Profits, curiosity and dreams of better methods to prevent and treat diseases are driving efforts to find and decode human genes. The sequence of our genome will ultimately allow us to discover the secrets of life's processes, the biochemical basis of our senses and our memory, our dev... ...n genome project in disease prevention. Preventive Medicine. 23:591-594. Koenig, R. 1997. Watson urges "put Hitler behind us'. Science 276:892. Maddox, J. 1995. Directory to the human genome. Nature. 376:459-460. McConkey, E. 1993. The Human Genome Project. In: Human genetics. The molecular revolution. E. McConkey (ed.). England. Jones and Bartlett Publishers Inc. 306-317. Pearson, M. L. and D. Sà ¶ll. 1991. The Human Genome Project: a paradigm for information management in the life sciences. FASEB. 5:35-39. Velà ¡zquez A. and H. Bourges. 1999. Implications of the Human Genome Project for understanding gene-environment interactions. Nutrition Reviews. 57 (5):S39-41. Wade, N. Dr. J. Craig Venter: The genome's combative entrepreneur. Obtained from www 10-16-1999: http://search.nytimes.com/search/daily/bin/fastweb?getdoc+site+site+25726+0+wAAA+Craig%7EVenter

Japanese Comfort Women Essay

It is estimated that between one and two hundred thousand female sex slaves were forced to deliver sexual services to Japanese soldiers, both before and during World War II. These women were known as comfort women and the Imperial Conference, which was composed of the emperor, representatives from the armed forces and the main Cabinet ministers, approved their use by Japanese soldiers. Walkom) The term â€Å"comfort women† refers to the victims of a â€Å"premeditated systematic plan originated and implemented by the government of Japan to enslave women considered inferior and subject them to repeated mass rapes,† said Michael D. Hausefeld, one of over 35 lawyers in his firm representing the former sexual prisoners in a class action lawsuit currently pending against the Japanese government. (Eddy) Since ancient times, prostitutes in Japan chose to sell their bodies either for family, poverty, or for saving her husband and her children. More or less, their sacrifices were seen as positive. But, being forced to become comfort woman by Japanese is seen as negative. The difference between the Japanese prostitutes and comfort women is that the comfort women did not choose to be trapped as a sex slave and they were not paid for what they did. In 1931, when the Japanese army invaded Manchuria, â€Å"comfort houses† made their first appearances. These comfort houses were created to provide the Japanese soldiers with outlets for their sexual needs. In the beginning, there were only a few comfort houses but after the Nanjin Massacre occurred in 1937, many more were added, basically to every place that the Japanese were stationed. (Walkom) After the Japanese soldiers slaughtered thousands of Chinese people in the Nanjin Massacre, they barbarically raped an insurmountable number of women. As a result, anti-Japanese sentiments grew and it became harder to fully occupy these lands. The government set up comfort houses to decrease disorder and give the approximately two million soldiers a place to satisfy their sexual needs. The Japanese did not have enough prostitutes to supply the needs of the soldiers so they commissioned civilians to develop comfort houses. At the time, only a small percentage of Japanese women were mobilized to â€Å"work† in comfort houses and they were all prostitutes to begin with. The majority of the comfort women were actually Korean women, who were forcibly taken from Korea to service the needs of the Japanese soldiers. After the war, the Japanese government destroyed all evidence of their involvement in Japanese comfort houses, enforcing that commercial businessmen were responsible for the movement of women. Many of the comfort women were kidnapped or deceived into voluntarily working in comfort houses. Once they were there, they were trapped and forced into prostitution. Some women reported that Japanese agents offered them good jobs or education. Others were told that each family in the village had to donate a daughter to the war effort. Many others were offered food, shelter and factory jobs. The Japanese also kidnapped young, unmarried girls when they had a shortage of comfort women. The ages of the girls in the comfort houses ranged from 15 to 19, with the minority exception of some younger girls and some older, married women. The girls were transported between military bases like cargo, under heavy guard in army trucks, trains, ship and bus. They were forced to lose their virginity before arriving at the bases to prepare them for having sexual intercourse with tens of soldiers every day. Many women contemplated death after this, as they believed their virginity to be more precious than life. (Henson) When living in the comfort houses, the comfort women lived in fear and desperation. They were unable to leave, as they were heavily guarded. Each day, they were penetrated by as many as 50 soldiers, until they were sore and bloated to the point of not being able to open their legs. If they were infected with a sexually transmitted disease, they received injections known as Injection 606. If infected enough times, they lost their fertility. In Japan, infected women were killed. Their food was mixed with cyanide, their bodies taken to a cave and finally, the cave was blown up with a grenade. The comfort houses made money off these women and it is believed that the Japanese government paid them, as most of the soldiers paid by coupons. As soon as the war was finished, the Japanese Imperialist guards disappeared without trace. Most comfort women describe the experience this way, † Suddenly, the soldiers came no more, and upon asking we found that the war had ended. † In other regions, as the Japanese committed â€Å"harikari†, the women were forced to do the same. In extreme cases, the women were put in a cave and blown up. After the war, many of the comfort women were too sick to be moved and were taken under the care of the American army. Most of the women were left with no place to go, as they were in a strange country with no money, and were too humiliated to go home. According to one comfort woman, † my body’s wasted, therefore I do not dare go home in fear of being ignored and looked down upon. † Even after the war ended, the comfort women were not free. Their guilty minds and inferiority complexes kept them from returning home and they stayed in foreign countries. The small amount that married, were often forced to separate after the fact that they were comfort women was known, or they were divorced because they could not have children. The victims are still suffering the pain physically and psychologically. More than half of them could not get pregnant, and most of them have chronicle diseases. Furthermore, the psychological impact on these women made them felt themselves dirty, ashamed that they disgraced themselves and isolated themselves from others. They are either afraid of getting married, or unable to ask for any commitment from their lovers. For those who got married, their marriage was unstable and unhappy due to their past. Some thought that they must have done something evil in their previous life that they have to be punished in this life. (Hicks) They go to tempos to chant sutras, to confess, to pursue liberation, and they even commit suicide. Although the period of time they spent at the Japanese military base was a small part of their life, what they had experienced caused an incurable impact on their health, marriage, mind, and social adaptation. Although the Japanese government continues to deny or minimize their involvement with comfort women, their defense is unraveling. A conference on â€Å"Japanese Crimes Against Humanity: Sexual Slavery and Forced Labor† was held last year, in which Japanese researchers delivered papers which claimed that the Japanese military, the rest of the government, and Japanese industry were all involved in the decision to provide sex slaves for the country’s soldiers. (Chunghee) Japanese historian Hirofumi Hayashi said: â€Å"The establishment and development of the military ‘comfort women’ system†¦ as not only carried out by the total involvement of every section of the military but also by administrative machinery at every level of the Japanese state†¦ In addition, we should not overlook that Japanese companies were their accomplices. † (Chunghee) Researchers from the Center for Research and Documentation of Japan’s War Responsibilities in Yo kohama showed that Japanese rubber companies were under government contract to supply 20 million condoms a year to armed forces once the decision had been made to provide sex slaves to the soldiers. Rumiko Nishino wrote that â€Å"high-ranking adjutants† commissioned by Cabinet and sub-Cabinet-level government officials implemented the distribution of the condoms. The availability of condoms to the general population became â€Å"almost nil. † (Chunghee) Last year, the Japanese appeals court overturned an earlier ruling that orders the government to compensate women who were forced to serve as sex slaves during World War II. Both sides had appealed that ruling. The plaintiffs because they thought the compensation was too small, and the government because they refused to pay. Duke) In deciding in favor of the government, the Hiroshima High Court said abducting women to use them as forced laborers and sex slaves was not a serious constitutional violation. Tokyo has admitted that its wartime army had set up brothels, and forced thousands of Koreans, Filipinos, Dutch and Chinese to serve as prostitutes, but it has refused to compensate these victims. Historians say as many as 200,000 women were forced into sexual slavery during World War II.

Celebrity Exploitation

No to Celebrity Exploitation Celebrities have been the eye-candy for mostly all walks of life. Many look up to celebrities whether it’s because of their beauty, talent, and or their accomplishments in life. Because of those reasons, celebrity culture has become one of our national obsessions. We feel the need to know every single thing that happens with all the famous stars, and have no problem invading their personal space. The paparazzi make celebrities feel like they’re a moving target – even when they’re not in public. They shouldn’t need to feel like that.Celebrities should be entitled to live without paparazzi exploitation, because at the end of the day, being a celebrity is just a job. They are people, too, and they are not entitled to entertain us with their private lives. There are many celebrities who have their privacy breached, and one of the recent celebrities to be exploited would be Kate Middleton. The Duchess of Cambridge has always been in the spotlight from the very beginning: to every event she has attended, her wedding, and now, her honeymoon – which was supposed to be personal.Tabloids everywhere published bottomless pictures of Kate Middleton, while she was on her second honeymoon with her husband. I feel the paparazzi have gone TOO far, with breaching one’s privacy. Is it really necessary to take pictures of people naked (yes, celebrities are people, too), without their consent? Kate Middleton has always been a huge role model for many people around the world, and to have the paparazzi try to degrade her image by exposing her personal body parts to the world is not right. Yes, she’s royalty, but she’s still human.I doubt any of you would like to have pictures of you naked leak out all over the internet without your permission. Before the bottomless scandal of Kate Middleton, there was another celebrity, which in my opinion, shouldn’t have been harassed the way she has g otten for her actions. Kristen Stewart, a very well-known actress, who have mostly gotten her fame from being the lead actress in â€Å"The Twilight Series†, had been heavily criticized by society, because she slept with her director – who is married and has children.But for crying out loud, Kristen is how old? 22? Her brain isn’t even fully developed yet, since the human brain fully matures at 25, according to a National Institutes of Health study. Jodie Foster, a well-known actress wrote a critique of Kristen Stewart, defending her. She wrote that, yes, celebrities get huge salaries, but that doesn’t mean that the media has a right to invade their privacy, and destroy someone’s sense of self. Kristen doesn’t deserve all the crap she’s been getting – at the end of the day, she’s only human.All of us make mistakes. So many people have affairs and they’re not being bashed on, what makes Kristen different? Creating tabloids about her mistakes isn’t helping with her well-being, and that’s why so many young celebrities turn out to be ill and do other reckless things. Many young celebrities have been consumed by the media’s judgement, and end up drowning themselves in drugs, sex, and parties to try and get away from it all. A perfect example would be Lindsay Lohan.Lindsay started her career at the age of 3, and now, she is currently 26 years old. Being 26, she has already been arrested several times for reckless driving and possession of drugs. Not to mention, her wild party lifestyle at the clubs. Now, she’s looked down upon many, after each and every mistake she has done. The paparazzi is partly to blame for trying to constantly expose these celebrities and their mistakes, feeling as if they are a moving target, being judge constantly by society to fit a certain standard just because they’re famous.The last celebrity, in my opinion, who is a great example of g etting over-exploited by paparazzi, was Princess Diana. Princess Diana was killed in a car crash, while trying to get away from paparazzi. This is a perfect example of a celebrity who has been harassed by paparazzi to a point of death, just because they wanted to get the new scoop of her and her lover, Dodi Fayed. I don’t think famous people should have to struggle being constantly harassed by paparazzi.It’s hard enough having to fit everyone’s standards of being a celebrity in public -good fashion, pretty face and body, and personality. They shouldn’t feel the need to fit that persona when they’re not in public. In conclusion, celebrities are normal people, too. They shouldn’t get criticized by media if they have been caught by the paparazzi doing things that may be considered scandalous. I’m pretty sure many people do what celebrities do in their private life, in their everyday lives.Yes, celebrities make more money and are generall y far more interesting than normal people, but sometimes, a little too much attention from the media can affect their personal lives. Being a celebrity is a job. And just like any other job, there’s a time and place just to have your personal time. Paparazzi can take pictures of celebrities when they’re in public, but please, they shouldn’t go so far as to invading one’s private life just to gain money. Just try putting yourself in these famous people’s shoes – I bet you wouldn’t want your personal lives be exploited, am I right?

Heart Of Darkness By Conrad essays

Heart Of Darkness By Conrad essays In the novella Heart if Darkness by Joseph Conrad Marlow and Kurtz undergo similar journeys through the most evil and dark regions of their psyche; however, Marlow is able to realize the darkness inside him and retain his soul before he reverts to a savage animal-like Kurtz has. Marlows disillusionment begins as he arrives on the shore of Africa. When he first arrives on the coast of Africa he sees a large warship bombarding the overgrown forest that has encroached on the beach. This firing is random and is only pointless destruction. He sees the natives, and the people view them as their enemies. Marlow thinks of them as enemies at first, however when he sees them up close he thinks they are nothing more than "black shadows of disease and starvation." Marlow sees the natives clinging to the shade which seems cooler and peaceful but when he enters the shade he realizes it is actually "a gloomy circle of some inferno." Marlow identifies with Kurtz finding many of the same qualities that Kurtz has in himself. Marlow idolizes Kurtz. Marlow sees a freeness and rebellious quality he wishes he could possess. Marlow sees that Kurtz has embraced his savage side when he goes and travels with the native savages. Marlow shows he has the savage qualities as well when he follows Kurtz into the forest, but not to the extreme Kurtz has. Marlow also shows his savageness when he is first in Africa when he and his men are carrying a dead man. One of his men expects to see Marlow kill someone, this man sees that Marlow has the potential to kill a man. Marlow realizes that Kurtz is a savage by his actions and behavior. First Marlow is horrified by the human heads on the poles outside his house. Marlow is also outraged and upset when Kurtz threatened to kill him if he did not give him the ivory. Kurtz is willing to kill over a small amount of ivory. Kurtzs viciousness is shown when he threatens him; because Kurtz does no...

Symbiotic Ants and Aphids Have a Strong Relationship

Symbiotic Ants and Aphids Have a Strong Relationship Ants and aphids share a well-documented symbiotic relationship, which means they both benefit mutually from their working relationship. Aphids produce a sugary food for the ants, in exchange, ants care for and protect the aphids from predators and parasites. Aphids Produce a Sugary Meal Aphids are also known as plant lice, they are very small sap-sucking insects that collect the sugar-rich fluids from host plants. Aphids are also the bane of farmers the whole world over. Aphids are known crop destroyers. The aphids must consume large quantities of a plant to gain adequate nutrition. The aphids then excrete equally large quantities of waste, called honeydew, which in turn becomes a sugar-rich meal for ants. Ants Turn Into Dairy Farmers As most people know, where there is sugar, there is bound to be ants. Some ants are so hungry for the aphid honeydew, that they will milk the aphids to make them excrete the sugary substance. The ants stroke the aphids with their antennae, stimulating them to release the honeydew. Some aphid species have lost the ability to excrete waste  on their own and depend entirely on caretaker ants to milk them. Aphids in an Ants Care Aphid-herding ants make sure aphids stay well-fed and safe. When the host plant is depleted of nutrients, the ants carry their aphids to a new food source. If predatory insects or parasites attempt to harm the aphids, the ants will defend them aggressively. Some ants even go so far as to destroy the eggs of known aphid predators like ladybugs. Some species of ants continue to care for aphids during winter. The ants carry the aphid eggs to their nests for the winter months. They store the precious aphids where temperatures and humidity are optimal, and move them as needed when conditions in the nest change. In spring, when the aphids hatch, the ants carry them to a host plant to feed. A well-documented example of the extraordinary mutualistic relationship of a corn root aphid, from the species Aphis middletonii,  and their caretaker cornfield ants,  Lasius. Corn root aphids, as their name suggests, live and feed on the roots of corn plants. At the end of the growing season, the aphids deposit eggs in the soil where the corn plants have withered. The cornfield ants collect the aphid eggs and store them for the winter. Smartweed is a fast-growing weed that can grow in the spring in the cornfields. Cornfield ants carry the newly hatched aphids to the field and deposit them on the temporary host smartweed plants so they can begin feeding. Once the corn plants are growing, the ants move their honeydew-producing partners to the corn plants, their preferred host plant. Ants Enslave Aphids While it appears the ants are generous caretakers of aphids, ants are more concerned about maintaining their steady honeydew source than anything else. Aphids are almost always wingless, but certain environmental conditions will trigger them to develop wings. If the aphid population becomes too dense, or food sources decline, aphids can grow wings to fly to a new location. Ants, however, do not look favorably upon losing their food source. Ants can prevent aphids from dispersing. Ants have been observed tearing the wings from aphids before they can become airborne. Also, a recent study has shown that ants can use semiochemicals to stop the aphids from developing wings and to impede their ability to walk away. Resources and Further Reading Cranshaw, Whitney, and Richard Redak. Bugs Rule!: An Introduction to the World of Insects. Princeton University, 2013.

Evolution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evolution - Assignment Example At the outset, evolution being a prominent theory of science and is fundamentally and entirely based on physical and empirical evidences, which may be fossils and bacteria. Whereas, the Bible or as it is more commonly known â€Å"the word of god† is not at all backed by any evidence whether it be empirical, observational, or practical, let alone physical. The belief of Christians in Bible is solely based on â€Å"faith†. (Gisburne) The Bible tells us that the earth and all living things on it were â€Å"created† in 3760 BC (according to the Hebrew Calendar), and yet scientists including Darwin have discovered fossils that are millions of years old, which directly contradict the teachings of Bible according to which the fossils of humans, animals or plants could not date back more than 7000 years. (Dosick 119) Another major factor of distinction amongst beliefs is the fact that evolution supports natural selection a concept which considers survival of the fittest to be its sub category. According to the concept of natural selection, as species that were not previously habitable mutate, they supplement features or changes that are more suitable to the environment and after a long period of time, as more and more habitable creatures mate, the feature becomes generic and further evolution takes place until the fittest survive. (Darwin and Carroll 17,19,594) The Bible strongly contradicts this theory considering their own version of the theory, which they refer to as â€Å"the truth†, according to which they state that God created man and humans did not evolve. But if that’s true then the long list of connected fossils and matching DNA that the scientists have found would be wrong, but in reality that is not the case. The DNA of correlated species match significantly to falsify any void claims made solely on â€Å"faith†. (Gisburne) (Darwin and Carroll) Besides, according to their point of view, if man has descended from god, then the scope of mutation does

African American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

African American History - Essay Example The following study text will evaluate King’s role in the Civil Rights Movement with regards to his unique and effective strategies applied in acquiring overwhelming victory against white supremacy. Born in January 1929 as Michael Luther King, King grew up in religious environment and both his father and grandfather were pastors at the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. In 1948, he earned a B.A. at the Morehouse College and proceeded to the Crozer Theological Seminary in 1951. In 1955, he earned a doctorate from the Boston University where he also happened to meet his wife Coretta Scott. After his graduation from Boston University, he began his pastoral role as at the Montgomery Avenue Baptist Church. This is where his journey into world history began. Rosa Sparks, a young black woman refused to give up her seat for a white person to sit in a bus and this had sparked controversy all over the United States around 1955. By chance, King’s Montgomery Church was chosen as the meeting venue to host one of the meetings to discuss the matter, and King happened to be there1. The meeting acted to recruit King into his call of advocating for the end to racial discrimination in the United States. Rosa Sparks was thrown into jail and King could not stomach the sense that she had been jailed for failing to give her seat to a white person. Following this, he planned his first public demonstration. In the same year, he mobilized the entire Montgomery [mainly African American] community to boycott the city’s transport service. He demanded equal rights for all. After an unending one year of boycott, a court ruling in Browder V. Gayle put an end to the discrimination on the public bus service and everyone was free to board the buses. This did not end, but sparked a new struggle aimed at eradicating racism all over the United States2. Martin Luther King Jr. was

Organizational Changes at PayPal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Changes at PayPal - Essay Example The rapid growth enjoyed by this company has been as a result of changing its strategy to suit the needs of the customers and at the same time ensure maximum safety for online transactions. Being a leader in online payments, PayPal was finding it challenging to address all the needs of the millions of customers they served. There were a number of challenges the company was facing that drove it to change its business model. These challenges were as a result of the growing customer numbers, stiff competition, regulatory issues and safety concerns. First, PayPal operates in a highly sensitive and competitive market segment. The threat from other companies offering more or less similar services has been a major concern for the company. Since its inception, PayPal has had to deal with the threat of competitors. For example, two years after its establishment, PayPal faced competition from Citibank, who introduced the c2it service. Citibank partnered with Microsoft and AOL, and the c2it presented a significant threat to the growth of PayPal. In another example, Google introduced the Google’s Checkout system, which allowed customers to retrieve their financial information and give it to merchants whenever it needed. With such a system, PayPal was facing the risk of being thrown out of the online payment market. An even bigger threat came from mobile service providers. For example, companies like Verizon and ATT were facilitating P2P payments, services that allow customers to send and receive money using their mobile phones.

How Good Communication Skill Is Significant In Healthcare

How Good Communication Skill Is Significant In Healthcare This study is all about how communication helps and how good communication skill is significant in health and social care environment. Effective communication is crucial for health and social care. What is communication? Communication is nothing but just the exchange of information and meaning by using symbols and signs between individuals. The sender, message, receiver and feedback are the four components used in the process of communication. And to have a continuous flow of communication it is necessary to comprehend to each component. Communication takes place in many forms like verbal, non-verbal, formal and informal, written, etc. Communication helps in comprehending human behaviour. Application of all these techniques of communication is required in health and social care. So for an effective social and health care it is essential to have good interpersonal and communication skill. Use of Communication Skill in Health Social Care Context Communication skills are of great importance in any field. It is very much necessary to communicate with the target audience in the way they comprehend it and also it is of great significance to comprehend the intellectual and physical limitations of the targeted audience. Let us simplify it by taking an example: Let us take a hypothetical situation, consider you are a doctor and practicing on a child and the child is having some heart problem. In this case you will not expect that child to comprehend the lengthy report on his heart functioning test. So definitely you would water it down. Many such examples can be given to understand the importance of communication to health and social care. Communication skill helps in organising a conversation, helps in probing the opposite person, it also helps in keeping the conversation going. Also communication skills are necessary in order to build up a good and health relation with the people using your services, also it helps in comprehending and meeting the needs of the person as well as can bond up with their friends and families. It helps in sending and receiving the information with the people taking up your services. There are many different types of communication named one-to-one communication, group communication, formal communication and informal communication, written communication. In health and social care generally a formal communication is used, which generally starts with the greeting. It is generally used to show respect towards the person and it is also a communication starter. A professional person generally in health and social care uses formal communication in order to speak to opposite person in regards to the services. It is exact, clear and avoids misunderstandings. Another communication, which is generally used in health and social care, is written communication. In health and social care environment, written communication is central to the work of any person when keeping records or in writing any reports. Different styles of writing are needed for different types of communication but the basic of all is the requirement of literacy skills. When recording any information about a patient a very formal style of writing is required. Barriers to Communication in Health Social Care Many things contribute in stopping an effective communication. People working with health and social care should comprehend the barriers in order to overcome them. Effective communication is very much necessary in health and social care setting; if the communication is not effective or understandable than it would be difficult for a service user to involve in the discussion regarding the care or planning the future. Similarly, it would be difficult for a service provider to help the service user if he do not understand what the person is trying to ask. Few of the barriers are language problems, jargons, acronyms, health issues, stress, emotional difficulties, environmental problems, misinterpretation, aggression, etc. Let us briefly understand all the above-mentioned barriers: Language Problem (Foreign Language): Using a language other than local or using sign language creates problem for both the service provider and user in comprehending each other. Even if someone tries and helps out in translating the message, it is again difficult to pass the message clearly. Jargons: Technical words used by the service provider, may not be understandable by service user. For example, if a patient rushes to doctor and to diagnose the problem doctor asks the patient to do a MRI scan and blood test than that would certainly sound scary to that patient. Instead of directly imposing what to do if the doctor explain what the MRI scan is and why it is required than the patient would be more relaxed. Acronyms: Acronyms are the initials of the shortened words. In health and social care lots of acronyms are used and they are confusing too. Sometimes subconsciously the use of acronyms is made which makes the opposite person feels left out. For example, if a health care professional says that you have to take these tablets TDS. What did you comprehend from this sentence? So we feels left out her. Here TDS means three times a day. It is also related to jargon. Health issue: When a person is not feeling well or is not in the best of his health, it becomes difficult for him to communicate effectively as he is not well. This definitely affects the service user and colleagues too. So the people who are being taken care in the hospital due to some illness might not be able to communicate like normal. Also the patients who are being treated in the hospital for their long-term sickness like Parkinsons disease also affect their ability to communicate. So if you are working in health and social care than you should be aware about such scenarios and should be capable enough to handle it. Stress: Stress also causes difficulty in communication. A person if stressed out might not listen properly and so he might misunderstand or misinterpret the conversation. Stress also cause difficulty in speaking or might be tearful as well. Emotional difficulties: At times everyone faces emotional difficulties and get upset. For example, a fight between husband and wife, a split up between boyfriend and a girl friend or a bad new; all these contributes towards emotional difficulties. Here as the person is already preoccupied he might not hear to what is being said and so this might lead to misunderstanding. Environmental Problems: It is the communication affected by environment. For example, if someone is having reading problem (due to weak eyesight) than the person will surely struggle in reading the written information in low light. A person on a wheelchair may face problem in talking to a receptionist if the desk is too high. Aggression: Unpleasant and frightening behaviour is aggression. It can be mental, verbal or physical and can cause emotional harm or pain. For example, a person working in health and social care irritated or annoyed due to some reasons than the person to whom he is providing service might feel threatened or dominated and so might not be able to respond. This results in the offering of the bad services. Ways to deal with inappropriate Interpersonal Communication Selection of wrong words or use of passive vocabulary, body language misinterpretation or cultural insensitivity leads to inappropriate interpersonal communication. In such case what can be done to avoid such problem is: Always rephrase in simpler and different words to whatever has been said in order to avoid unnecessary confusion and misunderstand. One of the way to deal with inappropriate communication in focusing, it also helps in preventing communication barriers. Attentive listening without interrupting is also one of the ways to deal with it. Respectful respond should be given to persons opinion and listeners view should not be imposed. One of the communication strategies for providing comfort is empathy; an empathic approach helps in comprehending. Factors influencing Communication Process in Health Social Care Communication process is influenced in several ways. According to Watson, the action of caring includes communication, support, positive regards or physical interventions by the nurse (1985 cited in Kozier at el, 2004, p.419). A sense of care is felt through communication, although a lot depends on interpersonal attitude as well. A sense of importance and worth is felt when respect is given and opinions and ideas are accepted and not judged. Also a terrible feel during an interaction is also a factor of communication barrier. Judgemental action, probing, agreeing/disagreeing, stereotyping, rejecting are the non-therapeutic responses (Kozier at el, 2004, p.432). Cultural Factors Influencing Communication Process What is Culture? Culture refers to beliefs, shared and learned values and behaviour, which is common to a particular group of people (Orbe Bruess, 2005). Music, food, dress, customs and celebration are also included in culture. Communication and culture are the two inseparable. Culture is a significant part of our perspective through which we see the world. Culture is shaped by communication and is also learned through communication. Communicating with people from same culture is different and communicating with people from different culture is a different experience. Although culture is powerful, they are frequently influencing conflicts and unconscious. Always remember two things about culture; one is that culture are always changing and the other is they communicate to symbolic dimension of life. According to Stella Ting there are three ways where communication process is affected by culture. First is Cognitive Constraint which is the reference frame that provides surrounding that all new information is compared to or inserted into. Second is Behaviour Constraint; it is about culture having their own rules of behaviour regarding verbal and nonverbal communications. For example, how much distance should be maintained when talking to the other person, whether to look in the other person eye or not, etc? The final one is Emotional Constraint; every culture has their own way of showing emotions. For example, there are many cultures that get emotional when debating on an issue; they yell, cry, etc. While many cultures tend to remain calm and keep their emotions hidden. All these cultural difference leads to communication problems. This is more likely to happen when dealing with cross cultures. To overcome these problem only awareness regarding the cultures is needed. Legislation, Code of Practice and Policies in Health Social Care Legislation- Legislation are the laws made by parliaments, these laws shows the right of an individual, group or an organisation. All the health social care settings should comprehend the significance of sticking to legal guidance as this can defend against the poor practice. For example, the data protection acts, freedom of information act, care standards act, race relation act, etc. Policies- In order to promote equal opportunities and strengthen the code of practice of particular professional bodies it is must for an organisation to have policies and procedures. Policies includes confidentiality, harassment and bullying, health and safety, equal opportunities, risk assessment, etc. Code of Practice- Since 2000, it has become vital for all health and social care settings to have a professional code of practice. In order to inform the practitioner about their rights and responsibilities and to guide the code of practice is kept. It is mandatory for all health and social care worker to carry out an induction period where the proper training leading to appropriate qualification is given. Same code of practice is followed by Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England. Health Social Care Services with specific Communication needs People having cognitive impairment, language and sensory deficit, structural deficits and paralysis need specific communication (Kozier et al. 2004, p.438). In general, the care worker uses the SOLER technique by Egan (1986), it helps in effective communication with the clients, and makes them feel safe and trust the caregiver. SOLER stands for: S- Sit squarely in relation to the patient O- Open position L- Lean slightly towards the patient E- Eye contact R- Relax This technique helps in good interaction and can be used for both; people with or without any special needs. Depending on the type of communication impairment different strategies and techniques can be used. For people with hearing problem or who are deaf, BSL (British Sign Language) was introduced which was eventually accepted by UK government officially in 2003 and now this sign language has become universal. But it is different in each place of origin. Not only people with hearing impairment learn this language but also the people who interact with these people learn this language. For example, friends and families. Also Lip-speaking is a technique used for deaf. In lip-speaking interaction through facial expression, gesture and mouth is done without making any sound. There is one more technique, which is used for people with learning difficulties such as structural deficit and paralysis and cognitive impairment. It is known as Makaton. Makaton uses common vocabulary and is much simple. It uses symbol, action as well as speech, unlike BSL. This is a very helpful technique for people with limited ability to communicate. For Blind people reading and writing method through Braille is used. It is useful for every individual who is completely dependent on sense. Finally, Human Aids, Human aids are the people helping communicate with each other. Translator, interpreter, etc are the examples of human aids. Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Health Social Care ICT provides great support for care professional and other staff in order to provide effective, fast and convenient care. Visible and workable ICT is required in order to deliver high standards. In order to get the quality outcome data and to give the best possible care to people it is needed to exploit ICT. Individuals quality care depends on easy access to care plans and electronic records. It must be capable enough to distribute information across health and social care. ICT helps in delivering more effective and better healthcare services. ICT helps doctors, hospitals and pharmacist for taking better care of our health. ICT helps in saving lives, improving patients care, helps in reducing cost in health care. For example, a patient with heart problem will be carrying a monitor, which will alarm the doctor if any changes in patient condition and will let them do their task. ICT use is central to social work, which is concerned with sharing assessments and exchanging information with other professionals and practitioners. Quickly and securely medical data can be exchanged. ICT has made the operation simpler than before. The basic ICT at health social care includes: Quality care (efficient and effective care service) Empowerment (patients involving in their own care activities) Availability (waiting time, access and better utilization of resources) Care continuity (information sharing and coordinating with care provider) Patient safety (risk is reduced in regards to patient harm) Some of the technologies used at health care are CDMS (Chronic Disease Management System), CPOE (Computerised Practitioner Order Entry), CDS (Clinical Decision Support), ETP (Electronic Transfer of Prescription), Electronic Appointment Booking, PHR (Personal Health Record), Telemedicines, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Bar-coding, etc. ICT is used everyday at health care. ICT is used in administrative department to keep a check on in and out of the patients, to keep the records of the patients staff as well.

Empathy in Brechts The Good Person of Szechwan and Mother Courage and

Little Empathy in Brecht's The Good Person of Szechwan and Mother Courage and Her Children Brecht is very successful in creating a form of drama where empathy plays little part. In The Good Person of Szechwan it would seem that every action and word is an attempt to alienate us and halt any identification one may chance to make. The indiscernible use of names for characters exaggerating the oriental sound of them is immediately noticeable i.e. 'Wang', 'Shin' 'Sun', 'Shen Te', 'Shu Ta', etc. There is also the use of language and intonation in relation to others revealing personality and social position, which comes in the form of oriental 'bows'. Many of these gestures are already to be found in Asian theatre. Brecht calls it the 'social gestus.' Songs also interrupt the plot, but it is not the kind of 'bursting into song' which one finds in musicals. The music itself sounds sometimes out of tune and there is an offbeat that one would find difficult to tap one's foot to so one cannot become involved or relate to the music, although songs from The Threepenny Opera became very popular. The moon being likened to 'green cheese' as a slur on society's belief in 'a child of low birth will inherit the earth' and 'The Song of the Eighth Elephant' when there are really only seven anticipates the underhand actions of Sun who represents a number of people in society who destroy others welfare for their own individual interest. All these songs are successful in alienating the audience and have a similar message; the impossibility of a society being saved by an individual. Brecht strives to create a drama in which empathy plays little part by drawing one's attention away from any kind of identification one might make, particularly with... ... our own society and one wishes to challenge it. One is actually allowed to come to one's own conclusions freely and critically particularly through the eyes of the overwhelmed Shen Te who has to invent a ruthless cousin for herself who can save the business by applying the cruel laws of the market. But I find myself slightly swayed by sub-themes which do hint a little at identification and emotion. Works Cited Brecht, Bertolt. "Mother Courage and Her Children." Worthen 727-751. Brecht, Bertolt. Collected Plays. London: Methuen, 1970. Benjamin, Walter. "Conversations with Brecht." Understanding Brecht. Trans. Anna Bostock. London: New Left Books, 1973. 105-121. Brecht, Bertolt. Brecht on Theatre. Ed. and trans. John Willett. New York: Hill and Wang, 1992. Worthen, W.B. ed. The Harcourt Brace Anthology of Drama. 3rd ed. Toronto: Harcourt, 1993.

Feminist Undertones in Pride and Prejudice

FEMINIST UNDERTONES IN ‘PRIDE AND PREJUDICE’ Introduction Jane Austen authored the novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’ in 1813, a period in the social history of England that saw most women as best equipped for the private and domestic realm. An ideal woman was the picture of chastity, innocence and compliancy. Even women authors in this period were expected to adhere to genres that were considered to be solely their domain- the refined arts, household management, love, courtship, family life and fidelity in the face of temptation.Although ‘Pride and Prejudice’ was primarily a romance between two free-thinking individuals, Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy, it has grave feminist undercurrents that are displayed to the reader in many incidents and conversations that ensue between the characters. The nineteenth century was one of progressive transience, especially for women who forged a new identity for themselves. Literature was a vital mouthpiece f or their miseries. Jane Austen takes a strong jibe at the existing patriarchy under the more dulcet tones of feminine affairs like love, courtships, gossip and bitchery.Austen’s protagonist Elizabeth Bennet is the second of five sisters in the Bennet family. Out of all her sisters, Elizabeth is the only one who exhibits a bent of mind that was rational and somewhat gumptious. Her principal concerns in life were not winning the affections of wealthy men in order to find herself a suitable match. Austen penned ‘Pride and Prejudice’ much prior to the time referred to as the age of New Woman Fiction and yet her writing is a powerful satire on the position of women in society and how this position limited their viewpoint to petty affairs.A good instance of this is the character of Mrs. Bennet or even Lady Catherine De Bourgh. Jane Austen explores various facets of the middle class society of nineteenth century England, successfully giving a panoptic view of the preval ent social mores and mindsets, especially those pertaining to the status of women. The different characters in her novel render a variegated purview of feminist notions. The Character of Mrs. Bennet and Austen’s Satirical Critique From the opening lines of the story Mrs. Bennet is put forth as a dominating, albeit directing, force in the Bennet household.Her very first dialogue with Mr. Bennet, wherein she tries to convince him to meet Mr. Bingley, a man of a fortune as handsome as his appearance, to try and fix a match for one of their daughters, is evident of her mindset. Her scope of interests in life is limited only to the stable marital settlement of her five daughters. Her husband is not of much interest to the reader because of his almost insipid outlook of affairs. Mrs. Bennet inspite of her condescending and parochial behavior is a multi dimensional character, interesting readers very much.Her outragous schemes to send Jane on horseback to Netherfield so as to make h er contract a cold to extend her stay at the Bingleys’ home, manage to shock those who believe in subtlety. Some critics have also referred to Mrs. Bennet as vulgar, a term too extreme for our times. However back then it probably had the connotation of something that was socially hideous. Mrs Bennet is also a prototype of how the women, repressed by society, had stopped striving for social and intellectual advancement. Mrs Bennet’s mental horizons are extremely narrow and she is not ashamed of this fact. Rather she is voluble, to an annoying extent.Mrs Bennet is unable to meet the parameters of decent conduct and behaviour as illustrated in many instances throughout the story. Mr. Bingley’s sisters are extremely repelled by her brash outspokenness, so much so that they use it as a means to break off Mr. Bingley’s association with Jane. Mrs. Bennet also displays an almost obnoxious double standard towards Charlotte Lucas, a very close friend of Elizabeth, by demeaning her appearance in front of her daughters and also Mr. Bingley. However Mrs. Bennet also exhibits some positively feminine inclinations in the course of the novel.One such instance can be her complete disdain for the fact that despite having five daughters, their estate should be inherited by Mr Collins, a complete stranger. Austen makes remarkable use of wit and sarcasm to impersonate Mrs. Bennet. Her novels use comic fiction as a chief means of exploring the individualisation of women’s lives and the revolution in the relation of the sexes at the beginning of the 19th century. Heroine Centric Novels Almost all of Jane Austen’s works feature a female protagonist and most of the other characters are women with a miscellenia of personalities.Austen’s heroines are free spirited young women who have a wide horizon of interests, be it Emma Woodhouse (Emma), Catherine Morland (Northanger Abbey), Marianne (Sense and Sensibility) or Elizabeth Bennet (Pride and Prejudice). In all of these novels the heroine is shown to have her own subjectivity and opinions of life, rather than play a restricted role in the background of the plot. Austen’s stories portray women and the problems faced by them in their daily life through a union of comic and moral indignation. Robert M Polhemus writes, Austen was disposed through comic license to ridicule the inadequacies and constraints of her society. † Through a lens of satire, Austen gave a candid view of the existing social, financial and sexual hierarchies in the middle class landed gentry of eighteenth century England. Women are a prime focus in all her stories and their methods of dealing with situations relating to love, marriage, family, inheritance and courtships. Virginia Woolf once said, â€Å"Austen’s characters are so rounded and substantial that people treat them as if they are ‘living people’. † The heroines in the novels had enough agency to exerc ise their will.They overcame obstacles very modernisitically. In the novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’, the social world of Elizabeth, is scrupulously described, but within these limitations, the heroine as well as the hero, Mr. Darcy are allowed to achieve self expression. Love and marriage for them signify the control of egoism and misperception and the regenerative merging of the self with the ongoing community. With their earnest tone, clear narrative line, contemporary settings, drama and pathos, Jane Austen’s writings become a persuasive communicator of significant beliefs and values.Elizabeth Bennet is a vivacious young woman who, inspite of living in a society that curtailed the thoughts and actions of the fairer sex, lived freely and almost on her own terms. Her opinions of people and situations are rational and her sense of judgement is almost always sound. She possesses not only intelligence but is also sharp and has a great presence of mind. She reads books , plays the piano and loves walking in the outdoors, an act deeply condemned by Mrs Bennet as well as the Bingley sisters as not ladylike. However these attributes endear her even more to Mr. Darcy.Rachel Trickett, in her essay ‘Manners and Society’, writes â€Å"Jane Austen singles out the snobbery and limitation to censure it. She is the enemy of any kind of distinction that fails to take into account personal merit, worth and intelligence. † Elizabeth has clarity of thought and farsightedness that helps her to see things in the right perspective. Early in the novel she is depicted as being arrogant of her wit and her accuracy in judging the social behaviour and intentions. She believes not in a marriage of economic convenience, but in a marriage that is a result of love.Her acuity and sharpness is much admired by her friends, acquaintances and men who look to court her. However Elizabeth’s quickness also sometimes leads her to misunderstand the actions of others, like in the case of Mr. Wickham’s opnions of Mr. Darcy which are dispelled after she receives Darcy’s self explainatory letter, following his first proposal of marriage to her. Through Elizabeth, Austen tries to promote the image of a sovereign identity of a woman who is as subjective as her male counterparts. Narrative style used to convey feminist themeThe novel in some instances does objectify men, though in obvious humour. This is hinted in the opening lines of the story, â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrouding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. † The author gives an exhaustive overview of each character’s mindset, adhering to no stereotypes. The man and the woman are treated equally, the description of their human psyche not influenced by any sexual convention. Their characteristic virtues and shortfalls are viewed through an objective lens. Mr. Darcy’s disposition isn’t perfect, nor is Elizabeth’s. If Mrs. Bennet is shown to be an annoying, domineering figure then Mr. Bennet’s sarcasm and witty remarks are equated with almost indifference. Jane’s kindness is sometimes over-the-top and in many instances harms her own situation rather than helping her. Charlotte Lucas’ marriage of convenience to Mr. Collins doesn’t turn out to be exactly as comfortable as she had imagined.From the above examples, one may say that Austen’s narrative style is lucidly analytical of personal psyches, interpersonal relationships and social mores. The heroine is a woman of substance, not bowing to set patterns of society. The strings of relationships are drawn and managed by her while the men, though attractive in their characterization are usually arranged in the backdrop. Jane Austen cannot be called a feminist openly, because she never ventured into this foray directly. Rather, her works contain her feminist recollections running collateral to the story, which can be easily enough interpreted.Austen’s writings cannot be termed as a feminist rhetoric because they positively lean towards a humourous critical overview of the prevalent attitude towards women in the middle classes of England and the usual perception one had of them. Austen’s representation of the characters and incidents in familiar context to the readers made their acquaintance with her feminist impartations more intimate. One could connect and emapathise with the characters due to their individuality and familiar spirit. Elizabeth Bennet could easily be imagined as one’s own sister, friend or neighbour.Thorugh the novel, Austen doesn’t disgrace any character for cutting t hrough conventions. For instance, frivoulous Lydia is finally honourably united to Wickham. By the mores of her own society, Lydia must, and it turns out to be no great embarrassment or humiliation to either party. Their fate is that they deserve each other and are completely unabashed by their mutual unworthiness (a very different conclusion from the conventional fate of the ruined girl in the late- eighteenth-century novel and a comic reversal of the expected and entirely typical of Jane Austen’s realism.Jane Austen’s own childhood and upbringing indicates that despite rigid codes of manners in the conduct of everyday life, the education and sphere of action of a young woman of the time was considerably less restricted. Her writings denounce the objectification of women for social dissection and analysis. Arnold Kettle, in his 1951 essay on ‘Emma’, saw Jane Austen’s highly critical concern over the fate of women in her society as a â€Å"positive vibration†. Austen showed a clear and commitment to the rational principle on which women of the Enlightenment based their case.Many parallels have been drawn between Elizabeth Bennet and Jane Austen herself, illustrating the positively feminine and rational side of the author. In a Victorian social structure that had incorporated an idealized version of femininity, repressing the woman figure into the margins, Austen’s fresh approach to regarding women in a progressive light, through literature has been widely acknowledged and appreciated. She is very often referred to as the most loved feminists of all time. In Pride and Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet breathes life into a new perception of a New Woman.BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Grey, J. David ed. The Jane Austen Handbook ( London, 1986) 2. Southam, B. C. ed Jane Austen- The Critical Heritage (London and New York, 1968) 3. Watt, Ian â€Å"Introduction to Jane Austen- A Collection of critical essays† (Englewood Cliffs. N. J. , 1963) 4. Luria, Gina The Feminist Controversy in England (New York, 1972) 5. Kirkham, Margaret Jane Austen, Feminism and Fiction (London, 1982) 6. Harman, Clare Jane’s Fame, How Jane Austen Conquered the World (Edinburgh, 2009)

Abnormal psychology/depression Essay

Serotonin – A neurotransmitter involved in mood, sleep, appetite, and impulsive and aggressive behaviour. Definitions taken from www. allpsyc. com/dictionary If a person’s serotonin is too low it then results in depression. All three neurotransmitters must work together on an even level in order for the brain to function properly. It has been proven through autopsy results that low serotonin is apparent in a depressed person. However, this does not prove weather depression causes the serotonin level to drop or if low serotonin causes depression. Sigmund Freud described depression as a human response to loss. The psychodynamic approach to depression explains that the feelings of an adult reflect on the experiences of a child. If for example a child suffers the loss of their mother during childhood, this results in adult depression. Freud also argued that depression relates to early relationships with parents. Hostile feelings towards the parents are redirected towards the self resulting in hatred of the self. Feelings of depression can arise from lack of affection and love during childhood. Trauma of a child re-emerges in adulthood in the form of depression. According to Freud, the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind can come into conflict with one another, producing phenomena called repression (a state where you are unaware of having certain troubling motives, wishes or desires but they influence you negatively just the same). In general, psychodynamic theories suggest that a person must successfully resolve early developmental conflict in order to overcome repression and achieve mental health. Mental illness, on the other hand, is a failure to resolve these conflicts. Abraham in 1911 suggested that depression was the result of the anger felt towards a rejected loved one. The psychodynamic approach to depression is supported by the point that childhood loss predicts later vulnerability to depression. A cognitive approach to depression, suggest that depression is a state of mind. A person becomes depressed because of the way they think and feel. Cognitive – behaviour theory is different to that of Seligman and Abramson’s ‘hopelessness theory’ which suggests that people learn from childhood that they are powerless to control what becomes of them, as a result adults become passive and helpless. Beck in 1991 developed the cognitive – behavioural theory of depression. He argued that depression stems from negative thinking. â€Å"Depressed people suffer from a cognitive triad of negative beliefs about themselves, their future and their past experiences. † Giles B (2002:108) A cognitive triad of negative thinking: A negative view of the self A negative view of the world A negative view of the future Beck suggested that people who are prone to depression have developed a ‘self-critical’ and negative way of thinking and feeling towards themselves. Beck believes that negative thinking starts in childhood and is a result of been brought up by critical negative parents with whom the child identifies. Beck suggested that as a result of these early experiences the child develops into adulthood with a negative self schema. Both cognitive and psychodynamic approaches to depression suggest the childhood experience is the route of depression. Freud’s theory suggests that depression is a result of the loss of a mother or perhaps a negative upbringing, Beck suggested almost the same as he suggested that a negative family encourages a person to become depressed. Both theories’ hold the majority of responsibility on the upbringing of a child. However, if this as the case, all children in negative households would then become depressed. Freud’s research on depression was limited due to the year of study. At the time in history it was the norm for a family to be cared for by the mother. This is not always the case in today’s society, given this would children having suffered the loss of a father also suffer depression in adulthood. Biological theories do appear to have an influence on depression. Twin studies and family studies do demonstrate likelihood that depression is genetic. However, genes alone do not cause depression; if this was the case then every child born into a depressive family would there for become depressed. This suggests that depression does have a link with genetics but it also needs other aspects to initiate depression. Beck’s theory of depression has it’s strengths as it is supported by a large amount of research indicating that depression is in fact influenced by negative thinking. However, is negative thinking the cause of depression or is it depression that causes a person to think negatively? If depression causes a person to think negatively is it then that depression is a result of chemical conflict? Serotonin levels must remain on an even level to enable a person’s mood to stay stable. Serotonin levels drop in that of a depressed person. Yet it is unknown whether a low serotonin level causes depression or weather depression causes a low serotonin level. It remains unknown weather depression is in fact a result of biological factors or psychological factors. Each person suffers from depression in their own way. There is evidence to suggest that depression runs in families, but a family free from depression can have a depressed person amongst them. A happy family home, with two loving parents can also have a depressed child. In conclusion to this assignment, what causes depression? Given the research , evidence and the limitations of the theories surrounding depression it becomes fair to say that depression holds many reasons and is not only influenced by one factor and can in fact be a result of many. BIBLOGRAPHY M Birchwood & C Jackson (2001) CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY modular course schizophrenia East Sussex Psychology Press M Cardwell et al (2001) PSYCHOLOGY for A2 Level Hammersmith HarperCollins Publishers Limited J Cullberg (2006) PSYCHOSES An integrated perspective London Routledge C Frith & E Johnstone (2003) SCHIZOPHRENIA a very short introduction London Oxford University Press B Giles (2002) ABNORMAL PSYCHOLGY Rochester Grange Books plc R Gross (2001) PSYCHOLOGY The science of mind and behaviour London Hodder and Stoughton. S Moore (2002) SOCIAL WELFARE ALIVE third edition Cheltenham Nelson Thornes Ltd www. abnormalpsy. org/disorderlinks/depression 20/03/2008 www. bbc. co. uk/health/conditions/depression1. shtml 20/03/2008 www. bupa. co. uk/ 20/03/2008 www. clinical-depression. co. uk 22/03/2008 www. depressionalliance. org 22/03/2008 www. depression-therapist. co. uk 20/03/2008 www. fightingdepression. co. uk 20/03/2008 www. mind. org. uk 22/03/2008 www. mentalhealth. org. uk 22/03/2008 www. mentalhealthproject. com/ 20/03/2008 www.nhsdirect. nhs. uk/article 20/03/2008 www. overcomedepression. co. uk 22/03/2008. REFERENCE M Cardwell et al (2001) PSYCHOLOGY for A2 Level Hammersmith HarperCollins Publishers Limited J Cullberg (2006) PSYCHOSES An integrated perspective London Routledge B Giles (2002) ABNORMAL PSYCHOLGY Rochester Grange Books plc www. abnormalpsy. org/disorderlinks/depression 20/03/2008 www. bbc. co. uk/health/conditions/depression1. shtml 20/03/2008 www. fightingdepression. co. uk 20/03/2008 www. nhsdirect. nhs. uk/article 20/03/2008.